The federal Medicare program has an array of complex payment policies for health care providers, health plans, and prescription drug plans. Fortunately, the outstanding staff at the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) offer a series of crisp primers on Medicare reimbursement policy. MedPAC updates these annually to reflect changes in CMS payment rules and Congressional legislation.

Medicare Hospital Payment Policies:

Medicare Post-Acute Provider Payment Policies:

Medicare Payment Policies for Physicians and Other Ambulatory Providers:

Medicare Health Plans and Prescription Drug Plan Payment Policies:

Medicare Payment Policies for Other Providers, Labs, Medical Equipment, and Supplies:

MedPAC released its Medicare Data Book for 2010, with a wide range of useful information on Medicare spending, utilization, beneficiaries, providers, health plans, drug plans, access, and quality. The format is reader-friendly charts and tables with bulleted summaries.

Specifically, the latest MedPAC Data Book includes information on:

MedPAC also provides an array of charts and tables on Medicare providers and care settings, with data on Medicare spending, percent of beneficiaries using the service, number of providers, volume, length of stay, and, where available, profit margins, if
applicable. Provider types covered include inpatient hospitals, outpatient hospitals, physicians, skilled nursing facilities, home health agencies, long-term care hospitals, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, ambulatory surgical centers, dialysis facilities, and hospice.

MedPAC - the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission - advises Congress on Medicare policy.

Medicare Advantage plans and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans face an extraordinary array of changes as a result of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (HCERA). These include:

Following the legislation is tricky, since HCERA amends or replaces language Congress adopted a few days earlier in PPACA.

Fortunately, Milliman actuaries Earl Whitney, Matt Chamblee, and Jian Yu just released an exceptionally clear and concise 7-page briefing paper on the PPACA and HCERA changes affecting Medicare Advantage plans and Medicare prescription drug plans (PDPs).

Meanwhile, Troy Filipek and Brian Anderson, also from Milliman, have written an excellent summary of the changes made to the Part D drug benefit, including the closing of the coverage gap (donut hole) and elimination of federal tax deductibility of the retiree drug subsidy for employers. They nicely lay out the provisions and key implications.

These two briefs may help to tide you over pending release of more detailed guidance and rule changes from CMS.

Creating a wellness-based healthcare system is the focus on a new series of articles published by American Health and Drug Benefits, a peer reviewed journal. They cover a wide spectrum of topics on how to build and support prevention and wellness, particularly for chronic conditions. The ideas and information are particularly timely given the array of prevention and wellness initiatives in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA):

The 5 Eras of Healthcare Finance: Wellness as a Clinical Model by Thomas McCarter, MD, FACP; Farrah N. Daly, MD, MBA; and Keri Cooper

Epidemiology and Impact of Chronic Diseases: The Promise of Prevention by Nirav R. Shah, MD, MPH

Bending the Curve, Changing Provider Organization: Implications for Wellness-Based Healthcare by Lawton Robert Burns, PhD, MBA

Wellness-Based Healthcare: Economic Incentives and Benefit Design by Gene Reeder, RPh, PhD

Wellness-Based Healthcare Policy: Medicare, Medicaid, and Private Insurance by Kip Piper, MA, FACHE

FDA Policies and Wellness-Based Healthcare: Approving and Paying for Prevention by Scott Gottlieb, MD

The Diabetes Ten City Challenge: Value-Based Benefit Design for Wellness-Based Care by Toni Fera, BPharm, PharmD

The Role of Wellness for Large Corporations: Trends and Models by Wayne M. Lednar, MD, PhD

Employers and a Culture of Health by Alberto M. Colombi, MD, MPH

Healthcare Reform: Impacts on Business by F. Randy Vogenberg, RPh, PhD

Pharmaceutical R&D Strategy and the Transition to Personalized Healthcare Planning by Michael F. Murphy, MD, PhD

The Role of Health Plans in Prevention and Wellness by Gary M. Owens, MD

Patient Engagement: From Medication Adherence to Health and Wellness by James T. Kenney, Jr, RPh, MBA

The Geisinger Model: Research Is a Core Asset by
Nirav R. Shah, MD, MPH; J.B. Jones, PhD, MBA; and Walter F. Stewart, PhD, MPH

Click here to read or download the above collection on Wellness-Based Healthcare System of Chronic Diseases: Prevention, Intervention, and Innovation (PDF).

Kip Piper is health policy editor of American Health and Drug Benefits. The journal's 30,000 subscribers include decision makers in health plans, drug plans, Medicare, and Medicaid.

The Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) has released its Medicare payment recommendations to Congress for 2011. In addition to specific recommendations for payment updates for fee-for-service providers and Medicare Advantage plans, MedPAC's report includes interesting information and analysis on spending trends, consequences of rapid spending on Medicare and the overall health care system, and the process of assessing payment adequacy.

MedPACs informative, 381-page report includes detailed Medicare reimbursement recommendations for:

• Inpatient hospital services (Inpatient Prospective Payment System or IPPS)
• Outpatient hospital services (Outpatient Prospective Payment System or OPPS)
• Physician services
• Ambulatory surgical centers
• Outpatient dialysis services
• Hospice services
• Post-acute care providers: Skilled nursing facility services, home health services, inpatient rehabilitation facility services, and long-term care hospital services
• Medicare Advantage plans (Medicare Part C)

The report also includes:

• Status report on the Medicare Part D prescription drug program.
• Comparison of quality among Medicare Advantage plans and between Medicare Advantage and fee-for-service Medicare.

To read or download the full report, click here (PDF). To select specific topics in the report, click here.

The Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) has updated its excellent series of reader-friendly primers on Medicare payment methodologies for hospitals, physicians, Medicare Advantage plans, prescription drug plans, and other health care providers. MedPAC is an advisory agency to Congress and is highly influential, particlarly on payment methods, delivery systems, and Medicare reforms.

Medicare Part A Reimbursement of Hospitals:

Medcare Part A Reimbursement of Post-Acute Providers:

Medicare Part B for Physician Services, Other Outpatient Services, Medical Equipment, ad Supplies:

Medicare Payment of Health Plans and Drug Plans:

At the last annual meeting of the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy, several of us spoke on pharmaceutical research and development in the quickly emerging value-driven healthcare system. Topics focused on the impact of value-based benefit designs, comparative effectiveness research, and government policies on the development of new drugs and biologics:

Research and Development in the Current Healthcare System: An Overview
Thomas McCarter, MD, FACP

What Constitutes Medical Evidence in the Era of Comparative Effectiveness?
Nirav R. Shah, MD, MPH, FACP

New Government Policies: Opportunities for Supporting Research and Development
Kip Piper, MA, FACHE

Drug Discovery and Development in a Value-Driven Healthcare System
Matthew Sarnes, PharmD

A Hypothetical Case: Current Drug R&D Process
Michael F. Murphy, MD, PhD

Our presentations were published in a supplement issue of American Health & Drug Benefits, a peer-reviewed journal serving about 30,000 decision makers. To read the articles, which are approved for continuing education credit, click here.

As the new Obama Administration and the 111th Congress focus on health care issues, here is a quick list of some of the Medicare policy changes Democrats will likely seek in 2009-2010:

Likely Changes in Medicare Advantage:

1. Phase-out of difference between Medicare Advantage plan rates and Medicare fee-for-service:

2. Significant increase in MA plan oversight, especially on marketing, quality, data reporting, and process compliance. Expect new CMS requirements via both rules and guidelines, plus tighter audits and faster action on plan sanctions.

3. Special Needs Plan (SNP) law sunsets on December 31, 2010. Reauthorization prospects depend largely upon:

Likely Changes in Medicare Part D Drug Benefit:

1. Federal negotiation of prescription drug prices in Medicare Part D. Political symbolism with no budget savings unless feds unwisely use the authority to:

2. Create a "Public Plan" option in Part D. This would be a government-run Part D drug plan to compete with commercial plans (MA-PDs and PDPs). Would mean federal government getting far more and directly involved in marketplace and key decisions over formularies and pricing. Huge implications for health plans, drug plans, PBMs, pharma manufacturers, and pharmacies.

3. Require Medicaid-like best price drug rebates in the Medicare Part D benefit. Initially, this will likely apply only to prescription drugs used by dual eligibles. However, in future, it will likely extend to all of Part D. The political temptation will be too great.

4. Like with Medicare Advantage plans (for Part A and Part B services), increased federal compliance oversight of MA-PDs and PDPs for Part D benefits.

Other Likely Changes in Medicare Program:

1. Development of new payment models in Medicare, notably demos of bundled hospital-physician payments, episode-based payment, and gainsharing. These reform will create new opportunities, realign incentives in the marketplace, and could help focus federal policy makers on fixing the biggest drivers to high costs.

2. More transparency. Public reporting of prices, quality, and safety. Reporting will be increasingly tied to payment penalties for non-reporting. Policy makers are losing patience with provider trade groups balking at disclosure.

3. Promote use of patient-centered care models and medical home concept, especially for the chronically ill.

4. Reform Medicare physician payments, either another temporary fix or permanent change. Otherwise, docs face an automatic 20% rate cut in 2010. The current system is absurd but permanent fix will cost $262 billion to $460 billion over ten years (depending on whether rates are frozen or docs get modest annual increases).

The changes described here range from the necessary to the useful, from the shortsighted to the unwise. But the Obama Administration and Dem leaders in the House and Senate have a long, ambitious wish list of changes for Medicare. And it is still unclear how the tough economy, budget realities, and larger health reforms will affect their Medicare agenda. Regardless, buckle up for a wild ride.

The incoming leadership at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) face a number of serious management challenges. These challenges, recently identified by the Office of the Inspector General (OIG), will require close, sustained attention by the Secretary's Office and the agency heads, particularly at CMS and FDA.

The nominees for Secretary and Deputy Secretary - Tom Daschle and Bill Corr, respectively - are wise choices, especially given President-elect Obama's policy perspective and strong interest in national health reform. They are smart, seasoned policy gurus with strong relationships on the Hill. However, as the Obama Administration populates the agencies with appointees, the White House and HHS leadership should seriously consider the need for strong executives and senior management types for top positions at agencies like CMS, FDA, CDC, and NIH. Yes, they will need requisite policy and technical expertise, but at the agency level management savvy should be a priority.

The reason is simple. The existing management challenges certainly require attention. Further, the ultimate success of the Obama Administration's health care agenda may well depend on fixing these problems. Also, the HHS Secretary's Office and the new White House Office of Health Reform will have their hands full with health reform legislation, Medicare fixes, and FDA legislation. And the White House and HHS leadership will need strong executives to effectively implement the range of major, complex new policies expected in 2009 and 2010. The Democrats have a fairly deep bench when it comes to policy wonks, researchers, and academics generally. Their bench for executives and managers is relatively thin - but they could look within the agencies themselves and in state government for management talent friendly to the Administration's policy views.

Here is the OIG's list of top management challenges at HHS:

Oversight of Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Benefit:

Medicare Program Integrity:

Integrity of Medicaid and State Children's Health Insurance Program:

Quality of Care:

Emergency Preparedness and Response:

Oversight of Food, Drugs, and Medical Devices by FDA:

Grants Management:

Integrity of Information Systems and the Implementation of Health Information Technology:

Ethics Program Oversight and Enforcement:

Medicare beneficiaries in Special Needs Plans (SNPs) have higher Part D prescription drug utilization and costs than enrollees in other Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug Plans (MA-PDs) do. This is no surprise since, by design, Special Needs Plans serve higher-risk Medicare patients, including many dual eligibles. However, despite higher drug utilization rates in SNPs, SNP enrollees and other MA-PD enrollees have similar rates of inappropriate drug pairs (therapeutic duplications and drug-drug interactions).

Compared to enrollees in other (non-SNP) Medicare Advantage drug plans, SNP enrollees fill 11% more scripts. The average annual prescription cost per SNP beneficiary is 49% higher compared to that of other MA-PD beneficiaries. The difference in per capita drug costs between SNPs and other MA-PDs appears due to a combination of factors: SNP beneficiaries' higher utilization, use of costlier drugs, lower utilization of 90-day prescriptions, and SNPs paying more for some highly utilized drugs.

While SNP beneficiaries fill more prescriptions on average than other MA-PD beneficiaries, SNP and other MA-PD beneficiaries are exposed to potentially inappropriate drug pairs at similar frequencies. However, at higher levels of drug utilization, SNP beneficiaries are less likely to be exposed to a potentially inappropriate drug pair than other MA-PD beneficiaries.

Most inappropriate drug pairs (65%) in SNPs and MA-PDs are drug-drug interactions. Of these, 83% presented a moderate risk and 17% a serious or severe risk of an adverse drug event. The remaining potentially inappropriate drug pairs (35%) are therapeutic duplications. The majority of inappropriate drug pairings - in both SNPs and other MA-PDs - recur and involve drugs prescribed by the same physician and filled by the same pharmacy.

These findings, from a new analysis of 2006 data by the HHS OIG, provide further evidence for the urgent need of e-prescribing nationwide. There is also a need for genuine medication therapy management programs and more information and decision support tools for physicians and pharmacists - as well as sharpened accountability for those relatively small number of prescribers and dispensers who apparently generate the majority of potentially dangerous drug pairings.

To aid the incoming 111th Congress and Obama Administration, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) released a 235-page report outlining 115 budget options for health care reform. The report catalogs most of the hottest legislative ideas on Capitol Hill, with useful background information and scores of costs and savings. Here's the list of reform ideas in the report:

The Private Health Insurance Market:

The Tax Treatment of Health Insurance:

Changing the Availability of Health Insurance Through Existing Federal Programs:

The Quality and Efficiency of Health Care:

Geographic Variation in Spending for Medicare:

Paying for Medicare Services:

Financing and Paying for Services in Medicaid and State Children's Health Insurance Program:

Premiums and Cost Sharing in Federal Health Programs:

Long-Term Care:

Health Behavior and Health Promotion:

Medicare reimbursement policies are highly complex. Yes, that could be the litotes of the decade. Thankfully, the outstanding staff at the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) produce and routinely update a series of basic primers on Medicare payment methodologies for hospitals, physicians, other providers, Medicare Advantage plans, and Part D prescription drug plans.

MedPAC's primers are reader friendly and crafted for a general audience. Typically 2 to 4 pages in length, they summarize the basic elements of each given payment methodology, with some history, policy context, and a flow chart(s) diagramming how payments are generally calculated.

Here are the latest primers on the basics of Medicare payment methods:

Medicare Hospital Services:

Medicare Outpatient Services:

Medicare Post-Acute and Related Services:

Medicare Health Plans and Prescription Drug Plans:

The next President and Congress will face many fiscal and policy challenges from the $436 billion Medicare program. Following my earlier quick primers on Medicaid policy making and Medicare and Medicaid waivers, here is a similar briefing on the primary vehicles of Medicare policy making.

As a federal health program operating nationwide, Medicare policies are made through:

Federal Medicare Statutes:

Title XVIII of the Social Security Act sets forth the bulk of federal Medicare laws. Given the political importance and visibility of Medicare, Medicare statutes are extremely specific, especially on provider reimbursement, benefits, cost sharing, managed care, and provider conditions of participation. Therefore, CMS' rulemaking discretion is often limited.

In the House, the Ways and Means Committee has primary jurisdiction over Medicare but often shares jurisdiction on certain issues with the Energy and Commerce Committee. In the Senate, the Finance Committee has primary jurisdiction for Medicare. The Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) advises Congress on Medicare issues and often proposes major policy changes. Like with Medicaid, Medicare legislative changes are typically accomplished through budget reconciliation bills rather than separate stand-alone legislation.

Federal Medicare Rules:

Most federal Medicare rules are promulgated by CMS (42 CFR Part 400 through 429). CMS must follow the same rulemaking and clearance processes for federal Medicaid rules. Medicare rules are developed by the relevant operating center or office with CMS, such as the Center for Medicare Management (CMM) for fee-for-service Part A and Part B issues and the Center for Drug and Health Plan Choice (CDHPC) for Part D and Medicare Advantage issues. Legal advice comes from the HHS Office of General Counsel (OGC).

Before publication in the Federal Register, all proposed and final rules require approval of the HHS Secretary and the White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB). OMB's Medicare rule reviews are conducted primarily by the Medicare Branch in OMB's Health Division.

Federal Medicare Guidance:

CMS uses numerous vehicles to convey Medicare guidance, including tens of thousands of pages of manuals, instructions, and program transmittals to contractors, providers, suppliers, health plans, and drug plans. Within the framework of the statutes and rules, considerable operational and technical policy is also set through the Medicare Advantage and Part D drug benefit applications, bids, and contracts.

Unlike in Medicaid - where CMS is often criticized for setting substantive policy through sub-regulatory guidance - Medicare guidance is more a product of a layering effect of highly specific statutes and regulations. Therefore, the Medicare administrative guidance focuses on execution issues, operational details (e.g., coding), and clarifications within and across the four complex, sometime conflicting parts of Medicare.

Under a new Executive Order, OMB now has the right to prior review and approval of CMS guidance, particularly any sub-regulatory guidance involving issues about $100 million, which is virtually anything in Medicare or Medicaid. To learn more, read my earlier post on expansion of OMB's review authority and implications for policy making by CMS and the FDA.

The Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) - the influential independent Congressional agency charged with advising Congress on a wide range of Medicare policy issues - has released its Medicare payment policy recommendations for 2009. The 355-page report includes a weath of information for those tracking Medicare provider or health plan issues, particularly annual provider payment updates, reforms to Medicare Advantage, and quality incentives.

In summary, here are MedPAC's recommendations to Congress:

Hospital Inpatient and Outpatient Services:

Physician Services:

Outpatient Dialysis Services:

Skilled Nursing Facility Services:

Home Health Services:

Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Services:

Long-Term Care Hospital Services:

Medicare Advantage Special Needs Plans:

Part D Enrollment, Benefit Offerings, and Drug Plan Payments:

Medicare Savings Programs and Part D Low-Income Drug Subsidy:

To read the full MedPAC report, click here (large PDF file).

Enrollment in Medicare Advantage plans has jumped 63 percent since 2005. Over 22 percent of all Medicare beneficiaries - 8.8 million total - now receive their Medicare Part A and Part B benefits through a private health plan instead of the traditional fee-for-service system. About 88 percent of all Medicare Advantage plan enrollees also receive their Part D drug benefits from the same health plan (as part of a MA-PD).

A new analysis confirms that Medicare Advantage plans provide significantly more health benefits and lower cost sharing than traditional fee-for-service (FFS). The value-added of health plan enrollment is greatest for Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in the genuinely managed care options, notably HMOs, PPOs, and Special Needs Plans (SNPs). The 20 percent of Medicare Advantage enrollees in relatively unmanaged Private Fee-for-Service (PFFS) plans receive extra benefits compared to the government-run traditional fee-for-service system. However, the HMO, PPO, and SNP options provide substantially more benefits and lower cost sharing than the PFFS model plans. The PFFS plans, which are controversial on Capitol Hill, typically operate only in rural areas.

To sum up, in terms of extra benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, Medicare Advantage plans using the HMO, PPO, or SNP models are superior to both traditional fee-for-service and PFFS plans. The PFFS plans are superior to traditional fee-for-service, at least in terms of extra benefits and cost sharing.

To read the issue brief - by Mark Merlis and sponsored by the Kaiser Family Foundation - click here (opens as a PDF).

To learn more, please check out my other posts on Medicare and Medicare Advantage issues.

The latest issue of the American Journal of Managed Care has several interesting articles on diabetes, demonstrating several opportunities to improve outcomes and reduce costs:

How Managed Care Organizations Contribute to Improved Diabetes Outcomes: Patricia Salber, MD, chief medical officer and SVP at Universal American, a large Medicare health and drug plan, outlines how MCOs are improving outcomes for patients with diabetes.

Diabetes Complications Severity Index and Risk of Mortality, Hospitalization, and Healthcare Utilization: This study show that the Diabetes Complications Severity Index (DCSI) performs better than complication counts and is a useful tool to predict mortality and hospitalization risk.

Lower Severe Hypoglycemia Risk: Insulin Glargine Versus NPH Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes: Findings shows cost savings and lower incidence of hypoglycemia with insulin glargine.

Diabetes Diagnosis, Resource Utilization, and Health Outcomes: Article highlights the clinical and economic case for much earlier detection of hyperglycemia.

Do Diabetes Group Visits Lead to Lower Medical Care Charges?: Findings show that group visits (shared medical appointments) significantly reduce outpatient costs of diabetes care, primarily by substituting group visits for more expensive individual specialty care visits.

To read or download all the articles in the January 2008 issue of AJMC, click here.

The Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC), the savvy nonpartisan shop that advises Congress on Medicare program issues, has updated its excellent series of primers. Extremely complex and changing constantly, Medicare payment policy will drive $479 billion in health spending in 2008. MedPAC's primers, typically four crisply-written pages, explain the basic steps and methodologies Medicare uses to reimburse fee-for-service providers, Medicare Advantage plans, and Medicare prescription drug plans.

Here are MedPAC's updated primers on the basics of Medicare reimbursement policy (click on links to open in PDF format):

Medicare Hospital Reimbursement:

Medicare Post-Acute Provider Reimbursement:

Medicare Physician Reimbursement:

Medicare Managed Care (Part C and Part D):

Other Medicare Reimbursement Policies:

Kerry Weems, Secretary Mike Leavitt's deputy chief of staff and President Bush's nominee to head the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), faces tough Senate confirmation hearings in July. A savvy, career HHS insider with a wealth of experience in the fiscal and organizational mechanics of federal health programs, Mr. Weems is a good choice for an administrator to steer CMS in the last 18 months of the Bush Administration. But he nonetheless faces several serious challenges during the confirmation process. A few examples:

1. Efforts to Hold Confirmation Hostage to Policy Commitments:

Senators, trade groups, and advocates of all flavors have long policy wish lists. As FDA Commissioner Andrew C. von Eschenbach, M.D. can attest, the confirmation process - in committee and on the Senate floor - is a unique opportunity for Democrats and even some Republicans to hold up confirmation until the nominee or Department concedes to certain policy demands. And the wish lists for the FDA are nothing compared to what many want from CMS.

2. A Maze of Medicare and Medicaid Controversies:

For better or worse, a wide range of delicate issues at CMS were left unexamined during Republican control of Congress. The Democrats now in charge of the Hill are eager to make political hay with health issues, reshape policy, and give their core constituencies a crack, albeit by proxy, at challenging CMS actions in a public forum.

Regardless of the Administration or the party running the Executive Branch, Medicare and Medicaid are full of dirty little secrets, some real and some imagined, intertwined within a massive level of complexity prone to misconception and manipulation by political foes and those of varying motivations eager for a larger slice of an $800 billion+ pie. Many critics of CMS see the Weems nomination hearings and floor debate as a unique opportunity.

3. Nomination of a Non-Wonk:

While Kerry Weems has a lot going for him and CMS would likely benefit from leadership by a career insider, he is not a health policy wonk. That is, he is not a academic, researcher, health policy maker, or lobbyist (not that most lobbyists are mavens but they like playing them on TV). He's a budget and finance guy and a career one at that. Not a bad thing at all, but a potential problem in a town that grossly overvalues what MD's and PhD's typically know about health policy or finance and sees "budget guys" in health programs as somehow being on a first name basis with the devil.

Some advocacy groups, who naturally have the ear of Dems in the Senate, are concerned that Mr. Weems lacks the requisite substantive expertise in Medicare or Medicaid policy (well, make that Medicare, since unfortunately few inside the Beltway understand or track Medicaid). When a Republican is in charge of the White House, Dems and advocates are much more comfortable with an academic running CMS. And when a Democrat is in charge, they virtually insist on it. In its 30-year history, CMS (formerly named HCFA) has had nearly as many administrators and acting administrators. Add to this extremely high turnover the fact that CMS is rather unique in having a tiny number of political appointees.

There are notable exceptions. Gail Wilensky, Ph.D., one of the nation's most talented health policy experts, turned out to be an excellent administrator in the early 1990's. And there have been times where the agency was led by a budget guy, most notably Leonard Schaeffer, who ran HCFA is its early days. He came to HCFA from managing health budgets for the State of Illinois and later was the founding chairman and CEO of WellPoint.

Kerry Weems will have his hands full next month. But he's a smart fellow, with a keen sense for detail, and HHS and CMS staffs are briefing him around the clock in preparation. He'll do well before the Senate if given a fair shake.

Of the 45 million Medicare beneficiaries, 19 percent are enrolled in a Medicare Advantage health plan. The other 81 percent choose to remain in traditional fee-for-service Medicare for Part A and Part B services. Governed under Part C of Medicare, Medicare Advantage health plans come in several flavors, most notably HMOs, PPOs, special needs plans (SNPs), and private fee-for-service plans.

While only about 16% of Medicare Advantage enrollees and about 3 percent of all Medicare beneficiaries are in private fee-for-service plans, these PFFS plans are receiving considerable attention by Congress and Wall Street. To help you understand the unusual dynamics at play, here are some helpful resources:

An Examination of Medicare Private Fee-for-Service Plans: This paper by Jonathan Blum, et al from Avalere Health, covers the history, features, trends, and policy and market implications of PFFS plans.

The Medicare Advantage Program: Trends and Options: Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report, with CBO's projections for Medicare managed care enrollment.

Private Fee-For-Service Plans in Medicare Advantage: Testimony by Mark E. Miller, Ph.D., executive director of the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) on MedPAC's observations and recommendations.

Private Fee-For-Service Plans In Medicare: Rapid Growth and Future Implications: In testimony before the House Ways and Means Committee, Patricia Neuman, Ph.D, a Kaiser Family Foundation vice president, offered a thoughtful overview of many of the key issues.

The Impact of Reductions in Medicare Advantage Funding on Beneficiaries: This study, by Adam J. Atherly, Ph.D. and Kenneth E. Thorpe, Ph.D. of Emory University, shows financial savings Medicare Advantage enrollees receive and therefore the adverse impact on benies of proposed cuts to Medicare Advantage plans.

Medicare Advantage Program Payment System: An excellent 4-page primer by MedPAC on how CMS sets Medicare Advantage plan payments.

Under a new Executive Order, President Bush has significantly expanded the authority of the White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) over policymaking by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Specifically, OMB now has the authority to review and approve a vast array of written guidance issued day-to-day by CMS and FDA. The expansion of OMB's oversight authority has far-reaching implications for Medicare and Medicaid policy and the regulation of the drug and device industries.

In recent years, an increasing amount of agency policymaking has come in the form of "sub-regulatory guidance." That is, written guidance that does not go through the formal rulemaking process. In the case of CMS, this written guidance shows up, for example, as memorandums to health plans, letters to state officials, and manuals or other instructions. In its role administering the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA), the FDA has its own system of guidance documents.

While the FDA approach to sub-regulatory guidance has its own critics and limitations, the FDA approach is better organized and managed than CMS' approach. FDA has been at it longer than CMS but also has (relatively speaking) a narrower, more explicit scope of work. The FDCA and all its amendments is no walk in the park, but Titles 18, 19, and 21 of the Social Security Act are exercises in pure legislative surrealism.

President Bush's new Executive Order means that much of this written guidance is now subject to prior review and approval by OMB. While OMB has always been a key player, particularly in Medicare and Medicaid policy, the E.O. greatly increases OMB's influence and may result in a substantial power shift in many day-to-day issues affecting providers, health plans, drug manufacturers, states, and other stakeholders. (In the interest of full disclosure, my career includes service on OMB's Medicare and Medicaid team.)

For those interested in more background, below is a quick overview of the rulemaking process and the increasing role of written guidance in lieu of rules.

Background on OMB Regulatory Review:

Virtually all CMS and FDA proposed and final rules are subject to prior review and approval of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the powerful policy management arm of the White House. (It's important to note that OMB also reviews Medicare and Medicaid waivers, agency budget requests and legislative proposals, and written testimony to Congress.) OMB's regulatory oversight was created by Presidential Executive Order in the Reagan Administration and modified but retained by the Clinton Administration.

The basic idea is to help ensure that agency rulemaking activities follow the sitting President's policy objectives to the extent possible under the laws passed by Congress. OMB oversight also allows for a more thoughtful and disciplined approach to regulations, to keep track of the impact of agency rules on individuals, businesses, and states and guard against such things as unnecessary or excessive regulations and conflicting rules across different federal agencies.

In principle, the rulemaking process is designed to (1) inform the public of planned rules in detail; (2) give the public, including stakeholders and experts, an opportunity to comment, provide new information, and suggest alternatives; (3) ensure the rulemaking agency considers and responds to public comments before issuing final rules; (4) ensure that all federal rules can be found in a central publication (published in the Federal Register and formally codified in the Code of Federal Regulations); and (5) provide a comprehensive public record for use by the courts, Congress, and the news media in overseeing an agency's use of power and interpretation of statutes.

Written Guidance Instead of Formal Rules:

In other words, the formal rulemaking process provides for far more thoughtful, documented, and transparent policymaking than the so-called sub-regulatory guidance. However, developing proposed and final rules is a laborious process taking months and sometimes even years. And CMS faces the imperatives of implementing massive pieces of legislation, such as the Deficit Reduction Act (DRA) and the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA). Even if CMS always had the necessary staff, expertise, systems, and budget to implement the avalanche of Medicare and Medicaid legislation on time (it never does, unfortunately), there are just not enough hours in the day to promulgate all the necessary rules to meet statutory deadlines.

Therefore, much of CMS policymaking is done through written guidance, letters, memos, and memos - and not regulations. While it's easy to understand the practical pressures, many legal observers seriously question CMS's compliance with the Administrative Procedures Act (APA). The APA, originally enacted in 1946, governs when and how agencies must go through the formal rulemaking process.

Privately, several players have told me how CMS's informal approach to many Medicare and Medicaid policies would likely not stand up in federal court. However, trade groups, states, and other stakeholders don't want to anger the increasingly powerful agency - and, in many cases, written guidance today is better than waiting months or even years for a rule.

Like its sister agency CMS, the FDA is increasingly using sub-regulatory guidance in lieu of formal rules. Given the demands facing the FDA, including a variety of reforms and pending legislative changes, this is expected to increase. To get a flavor, check out the list of guidance documents from the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDRR). You'll see it includes various backgrounders mixed with policy statements and instructions.

In health policy, bad ideas never go away. Case in point is the proposal in California to require that health plans spend at least 85% of premium revenue on provider payments. Specifically, as part of his $12 billion Stay Healthy California package of reforms, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger proposes to set a new minimum medical loss ratio for health plans.

In a nutshell, a health insurer's medical loss ratio (MLR) is an accounting construct and relative differences from one health plan to another has absolutely nothing to do with affordability of premiums, access to care, quality of care, patient satisfaction, adequacy of provider networks, or virtually anything else of interest to policy makers.

Further, it is based on a staggering array of faulty assumptions about health care delivery, insurance markets, and the uninsured, and ignorance of the difference between price and value. And artificial medical loss ratio standards result in many unintended consequences, including less competition, fewer consumer options, pushing more people into taxpayer-financed Medicaid and SCHIP, and restricting resources needed to improve quality and reduce medical errors.

Jamie Robinson, Ph.D., professor of economics and chair of the health policy program at the University of California, Berkeley, put it best in a definitive article in Health Affairs:

The medical loss ratio is an accounting monstrosity that enthralls the unsophisticated observer and distorts the policy discourse.

Juxtaposition of low medical loss ratio with forprofit status has fed the flames of HMO bashing but is completely without substance.

Thanks to the hard work of Secretary Kim Belshe and her excellent team, Governor Schwarzenegger's health reform initiative has many components worthy of serious consideration. However, further regulation of medical loss ratios - a long discredited idea that will only hinder the Governor's coverage objectives - is not one of them.

With sound, furry, and a fair quota of sound bites and photo opps, House Democrats are pushing for quick adoption of H.R. 4, the Medicare Prescription Drug Price Negotiation Act of 2007. The bill would require the Secretary of HHS to negotiate with pharmaceutical manufacturers on drug prices in Medicare Part D.

As I explained in an earlier post, federal drug price negotiations would not generate savings above what are already achieved via the marketplace - unless Congress wants to severely limit the number of new and existing drugs available to seniors. However, the conclusion is counter intuitive to the uninitiated, especially given media hype and partisan palaver.

Today, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) told Rep. John Dingell, new Ways and Means Committee chairman, that federal drug price negotiations under H.R. 4 would save nothing. Here are the salient points of CBO's official estimate:

CBO estimates that H.R. 4 would have a negligible effect on federal spending because we anticipate that the Secretary would be unable to negotiate prices across the broad range of covered Part D drugs that are more favorable than those obtained by PDPs under current law. Since the legislation specifically directs the Secretary to negotiate only about the prices that could be charged to PDPs, and explicitly indicates that the Secretary would not have authority to negotiate about some other factors that may influence the prescription drug market, we assume that the negotiations would be limited solely to a discussion about the prices to be charged to PDPs. In that context, the Secretary's ability to influence the outcome of those negotiations would be limited. For example, without the authority to establish a formulary, we believe that the Secretary would not be able to encourage the use of particular drugs by Part D beneficiaries, and as a result would lack the leverage to obtain significant discounts in his negotiations with drug manufacturers.

Instead, prices for covered Part D drugs would continue to be determined through negotiations between drug manufacturers and PDPs. Under current law, PDPs are allowed to establish formularies - subject to certain limits - and thus have some ability to direct demand to drugs produced by one manufacturer rather than another. The PDPs also bear substantial financial risk and therefore have strong incentives to negotiate price discounts in order to control their costs and offer coverage that attracts enrollees through features such as low premiums and cost-sharing requirements. Therefore, the PDPs have both the incentives and the tools to negotiate drug prices that the government, under the legislation, would not have. H.R. 4 would not alter that essential dynamic.

To read CBO's letter to Chairman Dingell, click here (PDF). To learn more about the issue, please check out my earlier story.

Medicare is a study in contrasts. In its financing, the program is modeled as what health wonks call "social insurance," which in reality is a euphemism for a politically effective but fiscally troubling mix of social welfare, health insurance, and cross-generational income transfers. Limited in coverage, slow to add coverage of new technologies, and often high in cost sharing, Medicare often cost-shifts to state Medicaid programs. While relatively cheap for the government to administer, Medicare is astonishingly complex, placing providers, supplies, health plans, and patients under a mountain of red tape.

In Medicare: A Policy Primer, Dr. Marilyn Moon - a respected researcher, former Medicare trustee, and one of the nation's leading Medicare policy gurus - "explains what Medicare is, how it works, and where is it headed." In this excellent introduction, Dr. Moon outlines the history of Medicare, taking readers from the program's origins in 1965 and the Great Society to today. The Medicare primer also walks readers through how the massive $370 billion program works in relation to the rest of the U.S. health care system and other federal programs.

While Dr. Moon is an unrepentant fan of Medicare and takes a decidedly Liberal, pro-entitlement approach to health policy, she takes pains to provide a thoughtful, balanced discussion of Medicare's key strengths and failings. She also debunks some lingering myths and assesses several of the more popular Medicare reform options.

Marilyn Moon, Ph.D. is currently vice president and director of the health program at the American Institutes for Research.

Published by Urban Institute Press, Medicare: A Policy Primer is available on Amazon.com here or direct from Urban Institute Press.

To learn more about Medicare, please check out my list of recommended Medicare books.

Medicare Advantage Special Needs Plans (MA-SNPs) are a fast growing innovation in the marketplace. A new Medicare managed care option created under the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA), MA-SNPs are able to tailor plan designs and delivery to serve the needs of dual eligibles, beneficiaries in nursing homes or at risk of institutionalization, and beneficiaries with chronic, severe conditions.

For CY 2006, there are 276 federally approved MA-SNPs with an enrollment of over 500,000. More insurers are jumping in to offer Special Needs Plans in 2007 and others are moving to market the new plans to millions of high-cost, high-need Medicare beneficiaries. Given this competition and the many advantages of MA-SNPs for dual eligibles and other chronically ill beneficiaries, MA-SNP should exceed one million in 2007 and two million in 2008.

As I reported earlier, states and CMS are working to dovetail Medicare's requirements for MA-SNPs and state and federal requirements for Medicaid managed care organizations (MMCOs). The objective is to provide states with an exciting new voluntary option to integrate health care for the nation's 6.3 million dual eligibles.

In close collaboration with the National Association of State Medicaid Directors (NASMD), CMS has released a new guide for states on integrating Medicaid and Medicare services and a series of how-to guides on integrating enrollment, marketing, and quality assurance.

To learn more about MA-SNPs or integrated Medicare-Medicaid health plans, check out my earlier posts or contact me for more resources.

Medicare drug plans will dramatically increase coverage of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs in 2007 based on new guidance from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).

In creating Medicare Part D, the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) excluded OTCs from coverage. Taxpayer dollars could not be used to pay for OTC products even when clinically appropriate and cost effective. This was in sharp contrast to pharmacy benefit designs common in commercial coverage and Medicaid, where employers, states, health plans, and PBMs try to take advantage of new, inexpensive OTC alternatives to popular prescription drugs.

For 2006, CMS allowed Medicare prescription drug plans (PDPs) and Medicare Advantage drug plans (MA-PDs) to cover OTCs under narrow circumstances. For example, OTC coverage was limited to federally approved step therapy programs, with no prior authorization for the OTC. To pay for OTC products, drug plans must use administrative dollars and not federal benefit dollars.

For 2007, CMS is loosening restrictions on PDP and MA-PD coverage of safe, effective over-the-counter drugs that are less expensive than prescription alternatives in the plan's formulary. Medicare drug plans must still use administrative dollars because of the statutory limit. However, OTC products may be covered outside of a step therapy program. To ensure Part D enrollees have continued access to prescription versions, drug plans that decide to cover OTCs outside a federally-approval step therapy protocol may not use prior authorization or other tools to require OTC use before a formulary legend drug is covered. Plans must also educate enrollees on differences between the prescription and non-prescription available for a given need.

Compared to their prescription alternatives, OTCs often represent savings of 60-70 percent or more. Seniors tend to be heavy users of proton pump inhibitors (PPI), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and antihistamines - categories with low-cost OTC alternatives likely appropriate for many patients. Therefore, next year many Medicare drug plans will likely offer free OTCs to drive utilization, reduce costs, ease the doughnut hole, and improve enrollee satisfaction and retention.

In addition to reducing costs for drug plans and many beneficiaries, wider access to OTCs in Part D may also reduce state Medicaid spending. Under MMA, 6 million dual eligibles were moved from Medicaid to Medicare for purposes of most drug coverage. However, Medicaid drug coverage is broader than Medicare Part D in many states. To save dollars, most states cover some OTCs. If a state Medicaid program covers an OTC for one group of Medicaid recipients, federal law requires the state to cover the OTC for all, including dual eligibles. The continued overlap of Medicare and Medicaid drug coverage for duals creates opportunities for confusion, cost shifting, even gaming. But the new OTC coverage options in Part D should allow states to save some Medicaid pharmacy dollars - provided CMS is proactive in working cooperatively with states, drug plans, and pharmacies on the issue.

While drug plans and beneficiaries will win - and states may win - from the new OTC coverage guidance, pharmacies will lose because of lower product and dispensing fee revenue. Some pharmaceutical manufacturers will also lose, notably those prescription drug makers facing competing OTCs in hot categories like proton pump inhibitors.

Being a Medicare prescription drug plan can be a profitable business. For the smart players, it will be highly profitable over time and indispensable to market position. But Medicare Part D can also be financially risky and volatile - particularly given:

Medicare Advantage Special Needs Plans (MA-SNPs) are an important new innovation in the healthcare marketplace. Ultimately, as I reported last fall in the Piper Report, MA-SNPs may evolve to serve an untapped $250 billion market. Here's a quick briefing on Special Needs Plans and how they become integrated Medicaid / Medicare health plans:

Brief History of Medicare Managed Care:

Since 1970's, Medicare has included an HMO option as alternative to receiving all Medicare Part A and Part B services from traditional fee-for-service Medicare. The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA) renamed Medicare managed care to "Medicare+Choice" and added a new range of options for Medicare beneficiaries: preferred provider organizations (PPOs), provider-sponsored organizations (PSOs), private fee-for-service (PFFS) plans, and Medical savings accounts (MSAs) linked with high deductible insurance plans.

Medicare Modernization Act of 2003:

In addition to creating the new Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit, the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) renamed Medicare+Choice to "Medicare Advantage" (MA) and created new MA plan options for beneficiaries - regional preferred provider organizations (PPOs) and "Special Needs Plans" for dual eligibles, the institutionalized, or those with severe and disabling conditions. MMA also created new incentives for health plan participation in the over $300 billion Medicare market, most notably risk adjustment to Medicare Advantage plan premiums and increased Medicare Advantage plan premiums.

Basics of Medicare Advantage:

The Medicare Advantage program is governed under Medicare Part C, which refers to Part C of Title XVIII of the federal Social Security Act. Medicare Advantage (MA) plans provide all Medicare-covered benefits under Part A and Part B and serve as an alternative to traditional Medicare fee-for-service. Most kinds of MA plans (including all the most popular ones) must also offer a voluntary drug benefit under Part D.

This way, beneficiaries may get all Medicare-covered benefits (Part A, Part B, and Part D) through one health plan. If a benie wants to sign up for Part D but stay in unmanaged fee-for-service for Part A and B services, they must enroll in a stand-alone prescription drug plan (PDP) to receive Medicare drug coverage. (Part D thankfully does not have a government-run fee-for-service option.)

Part D is major draw for new Medicare Advantage enrollment. Compared to the alternative (fee-for-service for Part A and Part B benefits and a stand-alone prescription drug plan for Part D benefit), Medicare Advantage plans are able to offer lower cost sharing, more benefits, fewer hassles, and higher performing mix of providers. However, because they have higher expectations regarding provider quality and cost-effectiveness, Medicare Advantage plans (particularly HMO-based plans) tend to offer a narrower choice of providers than Medicare fee-for-service.

Medicare Advantage Enrollment:

More private insurers are participating in Medicare than ever - 459 approved Medicare Advantage plans, up from 247 in 2005. Currently, over 14% of beneficiaries (6+ million) are enrolled in Medicare Advantage plans - up from 12% (4.9 million) in 2005. Plan enrollment varies widely state to state, with the highest penetration (20% to 30%+) in AZ, CA, CO, OR, PA, and RI.

Long-range projections of Medicare Advantage enrollment vary widely. The White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) believes that by 2013 30% of Medicare beneficiaries will be enrolled in Medicare Advantage plans. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) projects that 16% of beneficiaries will be in a Medicare Advantage plan by 2013. At the current path, MA plan enrollment should exceed 16% in 2006.

Medicare Advantage Premiums:

Medicare uses a complex system to calculate plan premiums, blending administrative pricing with competitive bidding, market benchmarking, and risk adjustment. There are separate bidding and rate-setting processes for Parts A/B and Part D.

For example, for the Part A and Part B portion of Medicare Advantage plan payments, Medicare uses a benchmarking process to compare bids and leverage competition to maximize value for beneficiaries and taxpayers. If a plan's bid is above benchmark, enrollees in that plan pay the difference. If lower, 75% of difference goes to enrollees as extra benefits or lower cost sharing (or a reserve fund) and 25% goes to Medicare.

Basics of Special Needs Plans:

Prior to MMA, Medicare health plans were required to market generally to the Medicare population in their geographic service area and could not limit enrollment to specific population. Under the new Special Needs Plan option, insurers may propose a Medicare Advantage plan that is restricted to a special needs population either exclusively or disproportionately.

The ability to separately market and enroll special needs populations - coupled with Part D and risk adjustment - has created significant interest in this market. It's important to note that authority for Medicare Advantage Special Needs Plans (MA-SNPs) expires in December 2008. Therefore, Congressional action required to continue after 2008.

Target Populations for Special Needs Plans:

Under MMA, there are three target populations for Medicare Advantage Special Needs Plans:

1. Institutionalized Beneficiaries (~3.5 million): Medicare beneficiaries who reside or are expected to reside for 90 days or longer in a long-term care facility. Also includes Medicare beneficiaries who live in the community but who require an equivalent level of care to those residing in a long-term care facility.

2. Dually Eligible beneficiaries (~7.5 million): Medicare beneficiaries who are also in Medicaid for full Medicaid benefits (~6.2 million) and low-income Medicare beneficiaries who receive subsidies from their state Medicaid program for their Medicare cost sharing (~1.3 million in QMB, SLIM, or QI programs).

3. Medicare Beneficiaries with Chronic, Severe Conditions (~millions more): The feds are particularly interested in MA-SNPs designed to serve Medicare beneficiaries with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, congestive heart failure, osteoarthritis, mental disorders, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and/or HIV/AIDS. However, there is no preset definition for this target group. CMS evaluates MA-SNP proposals on case-by-case basis. CMS focuses on appropriateness of the target population, clinical programs and special expertise of the MA-SNP, and how the MA-SNP will cover full target population it specifies without discriminating against "sicker" members.

Basics of Dual Eligibles:

Health care spending for dual eligibles now hovers at a massive quarter trillion dollars - about 60% provided by Medicaid and 40% from Medicare. While dual eligibles drive over a quarter of all Medicare costs, dual eligibles drive over 40% of state Medicaid budgets. (For variety of reasons, including different definitions of duals and accounting for Part D costs, estimates vary. For example, when talking about "dual eligibles" some wonks are referring to the 6.2 million full-benefit duals. Other times the term refers to both the full-benefit folks plus the 1.3 million Medicare-only beneficiaries with partial Medicaid subsidy.)

Dual eligibles are a vulnerable, high cost population in desperate need of coordinated care. About 2/3 live in community and 1/3 reside in long-term care facilities. They commonly have multiple morbidities (5-8) and some 45% have severe mental illness. Compared to the overall Medicare population, they are lower income, older, disproportionately female, disproportionately minority, and less educated. They are often live highly isolated lives, with little or no support system.

MA-SNP Market for 2006:

Since passage of MMA, the number of approved Medicare Advantage Special Needs Plans (MA-SNPs) has steadily increased, from 11 in 2004 to 276 in 2006. Of the 276 MA-SNPs approved for CY 2006, 226 are designed for dual eligibles, 37 for beneficiaries with institutional level of care, and 13 for specific chronic conditions (e.g., ESRD). One or more MA-SNPs now operating in most states: AL, AZ, AK, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, HI, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY,LA, ME, MD, DE, MA, RI, MI, MN, MO, MS, NE, NE, NV, PA,NJ, NM, NY, NC, OH, OK, OR, PR, SD, TN, TX, UT, WA, WI.

Integrating Medicaid and Medicare via MA-SNPs:

Historically, integration of health care for dual eligibles has been a major challenge. Medicaid and Medicare vary radically in financing, coverage policies, delivery systems, beneficiary rights, and day-to-day administration. For dual eligibles, this results in misaligned benefit structures, little or no care coordination, lower quality, over and under utilization, huge opportunities for cost-shifting, and seemingly endless conflicts between the feds and states. The human and economics costs are extraordinary.

While created to serve the Medicare side of the market, Medicare Advantage Special Needs Plans create new opportunities to integrate Medicaid and Medicare coverage for dual eligibles. Last fall, I laid out the rationale here in the Piper Report (click to read that story). The idea is picking up steam, generating considerable interest from states and health plans.

Basics of Integrated Medicaid-Medicare Health Plan:

In brief, here's how it could work. A health plan contracts with both Medicare (with CMS as a MA-SNP) and the state Medicaid program. For its dual eligible enrollees, the plan is then responsible for all Medicare and Medicaid benefits. The integrated Medicare-Medicaid plan would also be responsible for coordinating benefits with other payors like VA.

The combined Medicaid / MA-SNP would receive fully capitated, risk adjusted premiums for (1) Medicare Part A and Part B (MA plan bidding and benchmarking), (2) Medicare Part D drug benefit (MA-PD bidding and benchmarking), (3) Medicaid benefits (actuarially determined, with bid or proposal process determined by the state), and (4) state Medicaid payment for Medicare cost sharing. The state Medicaid program could create incentives to encourage dual eligibles to enroll in integrated plans. For example, the state could limit coverage of popular home- and community-based long-term care services to duals enrolled in integrated plans.

With some grant support from The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, five states are developing concept: Florida, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, and Washington. To make integrated Medicaid / Medicare plans practicable, they are working to standardize and simplify: (1) plan rate setting and risk-adjustment; (2) performance standards, measurement, and reporting; (3) grievance and appeal procedures; (4) marketing guidelines; and (5) state contracting processes with MA-SNPs.

For outpatient prescription drugs, Medicare has two distinct programs with a maze of complex policies. Physicians, Medicare patients, retail pharmacies, Medicare drug plans, Medicare Advantage health plans, nursing homes, and long-term care pharmacies are all struggling with how to navigate Medicare drug coverage under Part B and Part D. To help you, here's an overview:

Basics of Medicare Part B Drug Coverage:

Drug coverage applies under Part B under this basic situations:

1. Drugs billed by physicians and provided incident to physician service for that patient (e.g., chemotherapy drugs).

2. Drugs billed by pharmacy suppliers and administered through durable medical equipment (DME) benefit (e.g., respiratory drugs given via nebulizer).

3. Some drugs billed by pharmacy suppliers and self-administered by the patient (e.g., immunosuppressive drugs, some oral anti-cancer drugs).

4. Separately billable drugs provided in hospital outpatient departments. Increasingly, Medicare is bundling drug costs within outpatient hospital payment rates.

5. Separately billable End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) drugs (e.g., erythropoietin). Increasingly, Medicare is bundling ESRD drug costs within ESRD facility payment rates.

Medicare Part B Drug Coverage in Physician Offices:

For Medicare Part B drug coverage in a physician's office, here are the basics:

1. Must be furnished "incident to" a physician service. Normally, this means the drug is physician prescribed and dispensed or physician prescribed and administered during a patient office visit.

2. As a result, Medicare Part B drug coverage is usually limited to drugs or biologicals administered by injection or infusion.

3. If the injection is generally self-administered it is not covered under Part B (e.g., Imitrex). That is, in most cases Part B coverage of a specific drug stops if more than half of Medicare beneficiaries on the drug self-administer it.

4. Medicare uses mix of local and national coverage decisions. Therefore, in absence of a national coverage decision by CMS, local coverage decisions are made my individual Medicare contractors (Part B claims processors, commonly called "carriers"). Therefore, regional differences can and do occur. That is, a specific drug could be covered in one state and not another.

Formulary Basics in Medicare Part D Drug Benefit:

1. While Medicare drug plan formularies are subject to CMS review during the annual bidding process, the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) gives Medicare prescription drug plans (PDPs and MA-PDs) wide latitude.

2. There is no national drug formulary or mandated formulary. Most Medicare drug plans use commercial-like drug formularies.

3. Regarding therapeutic classes or categories used to structure a formulary, Medicare drug plans may use USP model guidelines or use their own structure. The USP model is not a formulary and not mandated.

4. Medicare drug plans must use P&T committees for formulary decisions.

5. For most drug classes, PDPs and MA-PDs must cover at least two drugs. CMS reviews each formulary to make sure Part D plans are not cherry picking or otherwise discriminating against certain kinds of patients.

6. Plans must cover "all or substantially all" of the drugs in six classes: Antidepressant, Antipsychotic, Anticonvulsant, Anticancer, Immunosuppressant, and HIV / AIDS.

7. Step therapy, prior authorization and cost tiers are allowed. Many Medicare drug plans are using four tiers in their benefit designs.

Coverage of Non-Formulary Drugs Under Medicare Part D:

1. The Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) requires Medicare drugs plans to ultimately cover any drug (not otherwise excluded under Part D) if "medically necessary" and "medically accepted", regardless of formularies.

2. Drug plans are not required to list off-label on formularies, but physicians may still prescribe off-label drugs for medically accepted indications. Physicians must justify off-label use and the indication must be listed one of four compendiums accepted by CMS (e.g., DRUGDEX, USP).

3. To justify off-label coverage for a medically necessary, medically accepted drug, the physician must determine that all drugs on plan's formulary for the treatment of the same condition (a) would not be as effective and/or (b) have adverse effects for patient. The same applies to justify an exception from a higher tier co-payment.

4. A multi-step appeal process is available to beneficiary to seek coverage of a non-formulary drug or an exception from a tier. Steps include drug plan review, independent review, administrative law judge, HHS department appeals board, and the federal courts. The exceptions and appeals process may be initiated by the beneficiary, their physician, or another person designated by the patient.

Prescription Drugs Excluded from Medicare Part D:

1. The following kinds of drugs are not covered under Part D:

- Weight-related, fertility, cosmetic, symptomatic relief cough or colds, vitamins (except prenatal), barbiturates, and benzodiazepines.

- Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, unless through a CMS-approved step therapy program and then only if free using the drug plan's non-benefit dollars. Few Medicare plans are covering OTCs this year.

- Drugs covered by Medicare Part A or Part B for that individual in that instance.

2. For dual eligibles, Medicaid may cover drugs not covered by Part D. State Medicaid programs must cover if drug is covered for non-dual Medicaid population (e.g., OTCs). This means dual eligibles will obtain drugs through multiple programs.

Naturally, this is a high-level overview and is neither comprehensive or an official statement of federal policy. For more details, click here to read CMS' draft guidance explaining differences between Part B and Part D drug coverage. There are many nuances, twists and turns. So please be careful and closely monitor guidance from CMS and OIG.

While the feds work to fix a series of technical problems plaguing the new Medicare Part D drug benefit, governors are stepping in to help ensure dual eligibles and other vulnerable beneficiaries have access to prescription drugs. As a result, states are incurring millions of dollars of costs. They shouldn't have to - by federal law, drug coverage for these patients is now the sole responsibility of CMS and the prescription drug plans. However, governors of both parties are doing the right and necessary thing. Of course, Congress should be the one doing this. But Congress is too distracted to act quickly and the Bush Administration has been adamant in opposing changes to Part D until well after implementation.

The crisis creates a great opportunity for the pharmaceutical industry to step in and help make Part D work. As I've pointed out before, drug makers have a lot riding on the success of Part D. No, it's not that they will make more money. In fact, it's more likely that most brand manufacturers will see lower margins under Medicare. It's because failure of Part D - whether real or imagined - will undoubtedly lead to more government regulation of the industry and a new push for price controls. And the much-maligned industry needs all the good will it can get.

Pharma manufacturers should act immediately to offer to make states whole for the cost of temporary drug coverage for dual eligibles. Specifically, drug makers should work with the National Governors Association (NGA), National Association of State Medicaid Directors (NASMD), and the HHS Office of the Inspector General (HHS) to create a private trust fund that reimburses states for all of their costs associated will filling the gaps while CMS and the drug plans get things fixed. The trust fund can be set up through a non-profit and be totally neutral as to the drug products being reimbursed. The point is to step in, help make it work, create good will, and avoid further pain and frustration.

Rube Goldberg believed there were two ways to do things - the simple way and the hard way. And that, for some inexplicable reason, many people preferred doing things the hard way. His famous cartoons illustrated the tendency of human beings to exert maximum effort to achieve minimal results.

Notwithstanding the best of intentions, an influx of a mountain of taxpayer cash, the savings available to many low-income seniors, and the hard work of unfairly maligned federal staff, the Medicare drug benefit has become a Rube Goldberg cartoon.

Since passage of the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) in December 2003, I have been warning about predicable surprises and inevitable consequences. The good news is I am batting 1000 on predictions. The bad news is I am batting 1000 on predictions. If it were not for the fact real people are affected, I'd be happy to sit back and gloat about my prescience. Or perhaps hire a skywriter to paint "I Told You So" high above Security Boulevard.

But truth is, this was easy to see and I was far from alone. While there are many flaws in the design of MMA and lost opportunities in the implementation, the most troubling problems revolve around the chaos and risks of transferring over six million vulnerable dual eligibles from Medicaid drug coverage to Medicare Part D. Virtually all of the other problems of Part D implementation can be ironed out with some more time, experience, and legislative tinkering.

As promised, here's my list of likely losers under the new Medicare prescription drug benefit:

● Dual Eligibles: These 6.5 million highly vulnerable beneficiaries will lose their Medicaid drug benefit and be enrolled in the less generous, slightly more expensive, far more complex Medicare drug benefit. They also face the likelihood of a dangerous transition in drug therapy. If there is a silver lining here, it's the prospect of Medicare Advantage Special Needs Plans (MA-SNPs). That is, the hope that over time dual Medicare-Medicaid beneficiaries will sign up to get all their Medicare benefits from health plans tailored to their needs. Even better states work with MA-SNPs to bundle all Medicaid services with Medicare Part A, Part B, and Part D. See my earlier post on this idea and other stories on dual eligible issues.

● Retirees with Employer-Sponsored Drug Coverage: The trend has certainly been toward employers reducing retiree health coverage. With $100 billion in new taxpayer-financed incentives and an array of options to cost shift, Medicare Part D ensures that millions of retirees will move - slowly but inevitably - from relatively generous employer-sponsored drug coverage to more limited, more costly taxpayer-subsidized coverage. Employers are in a bind, to be sure, so don't blame them for taking advantage of this gift horse. It's anyone's guess whether Part D and the $100 billion in subsidies for employers will serve to slow or hasten the death of employer-sponsored drug coverage for retirees.

● States: Because of the now notorious "clawback" and variety of other factors, including a likely strong woodwork effect, loss of supplemental rebates, and unfunded mandates, drug benefits for dual eligibles will cost cash-stripped state governments more under federal management. Under Part D and the resulting fragmentation of benefits across multiple, uncoordinated programs, state Medicaid programs also lose critically important data and face greater challenges to managing the health costs of the most expensive, most vulnerable Medicaid beneficiaries. Since it's highly likely that many dual eligibles will have problems getting their prescriptions in the early months of Part D, states may be forced to step in and use their own money to cover drugs as the bugs are worked out.

● Community Pharmacies: The shift of dual eligibles to Medicare for their prescription drugs also means a large chunk of retail pharmacy business is moving from Medicaid (which, in most states, is the highest payor of pharmacy services) to private drug plans (which are the lowest payors). Specifically, state Medicaid programs commonly pay much higher dispensing fees and pay a higher rate for a pharmacy's drug acquisition costs. Commercial insurers, including those offering Medicare drug plans, are just the opposite. States do get better deals from drug manufacturers because of rebates and the Medicaid "best price" law, but those dollars are on the backend and pharmacies don't benefit. The large drug store chains have some flexibility to juggle the business impact of Part D. However, many small independent pharmacies face significant financial losses.

● Big Pharma: Some, perhaps most, pharmaceutical manufacturers will see a temporary boost in their top lines. Yet, most will experience a significant and likely steady, long-lasting hit to the bottom line. Yes, some drug makers will benefit from the pent-up demand released by the Medicare drug benefit. But the potential for increased sales in the short term is nothing compared to pricing pressures generated by the confluence of market dynamics, including drug plan competition, price transparency, and price sensitivity of at-risk drug plans. Add to this the likelihood of a massive increase in government oversight, substantially higher compliance risks, and challenges of shifting from a sales-based to research-based strategy. Some drug makers will win but it will depend on how quickly and deftly they can adapt to a brave new world of Part D.

Please check out my previous post on the Medicare drug benefit, including post on the likely winners in the business of Part D.

The new Medicare prescription drug benefit presents major marketing challenges for both the competing drug plans and officials at CMS and SSA. While the feds must conduct a massive outreach campaign to educate 43 million Medicare beneficiaries about the complex program, the drug plan sponsors must market their plan designs, which vary widely in delivery, cost sharing, and formularies.

With over 2,000 drug plan options across the country and each beneficiary having to select among 40-50+ plan designs in their own regions, the marketing challenges are extraordinary. Add to this the intricate, anti-intuitive program design set up by Congress in the Medicare Modernization Act and how Part D handles the dual eligibles, low-income seniors, retirees with employer sponsored drug coverage, veterans, and others all differently - and, well, you have the makings of quite a mess.

Yet, the challenges don't end there. The Medicare population is not homogeneous, media stereotypes notwithstanding. Beneficiaries vary widely by income, assets, age, disability status, setting, ethnicity, and existing drug coverage. Almost 70 percent already have prescription drug coverage without Part D. Those without drug coverage are a diverse mix of rich and poor, healthy and sick, active and isolated, urban and rural. As a group, American seniors are one of the wealthiest cohorts in world history but among them, there are many low-income seniors struggling every day.

In terms of race and ethnicity, African Americans and Latinos make up 15 percent of Medicare's beneficiaries ages 65 and older and 27 percent of Medicare's under-65 disabled beneficiaries. However, while less than a third of white beneficiaries are sufficiently low in income to qualify for federal drug subsidies, over 60 percent of African Americans and Latinos on Medicare may qualify for the low-income subsidy. While a sizable majority of all Medicare beneficiaries have access to drug coverage without Part D, African American and Latino beneficiaries are more likely to have no drug coverage now. In addition, the vulnerable dual eligible population, with its 6.5 million souls, is disproportionately African American or Latino beneficiaries.

Traditional, television-centric marketing tactics are necessary but not sufficient to reach Medicare's diverse population and offer the benefits of Part D, particularly the substantial savings available through the low-income subsidy. To differentiate themselves in a crowded market and maximize both enrollment and retention, Medicare prescription drug plans need to adopt a more sophisticated, multi-facetted array of marketing tactics and mediums. Among them, viral or word-of-mouth marketing is essential. In addition to being extremely effective in situations like this, the costs and risks are low.

Sophisticated health care purchasers and health plans know the value of prescription drug data. When analyzed with paid claims data from physicians and hospitals, data from pharmacy claims can be used to identify, understand, and track a wide range of issues.

Starting January 2006, when the 6.5 million dual eligibles move from Medicaid to Medicare for their prescription drug benefits, state Medicaid agencies will no longer have access to data on drug use by these extremely expensive, at-risk beneficiaries - patients who drive over 40 percent of Medicaid costs. As a result, Medicaid managers will lose an invaluable source of information, severely handicapping the ability of states to monitor quality, access, and costs and catch waste, fraud, and abuse.

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) lacks the legal authority to require Medicare prescription drug plans (PDPs and MA-PDs) share data with Medicaid. However, nothing precludes voluntary Rx data sharing between Medicare drug plans and states.

Voluntary data sharing would be an easy, inexpensive way for Medicare drug plans to gain goodwill among states and advocates, generate positive publicity, and differentiate themselves from the mass of competitor plans. In addition, because dual eligibles may switch plans any time and multiple times each year, two-way data exchanges with states would aide drug therapy transitions, utilization review, and medication therapy management. Stand-alone PDPs, which are at risk only for drug costs and therefore will not have access to any non-drug data, could greatly benefit from data from state Medicaid programs (e.g., diagnoses, prescription history, providers seen)

To help make this happen:

- A major pharmaceutical manufacturer should offer to fund a national initiative to show the business and clinical case for information exchange, develop data sharing agreements, iron out any technical obstacles (e.g., data safeguards), and cover the modest start-up costs (e.g., systems changes). In addition to generating goodwill, this would help minimize disruption in drug therapy, quality problems, and errors - and reduce lost revenue and bad publicity that will inevitably result if duals have problems accessing vital medications.

- In their standards for a Medicare drug plan to be designated as a preferred plan for low-income beneficiaries, State Pharmaceutical Assistance Programs (SPAPs) should require that preferred drug plans to exchange duals' Rx data with states.

Medicare Advantage is the new name for voluntary managed care options in Medicare (also know as Medicare Part C and formerly "Medicare+Choice"). Medicare Advantage plans are now available in nearly every area of the country. Beneficiaries who select a MA plan elect to receive all Medicare benefits through the health plan (HMO or PPO). This includes all Part A and Part B services, plus the new Part D drug benefit as an optional add-on.

The Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) created a Medicare Advantage option called "specialized MA plans for special needs individuals" ("special needs plans" or "SNPs"). These Medicare health plans limit their enrollment to special needs beneficiaries (or disproportionate percentage of special needs beneficiaries). The idea is to encourage greater access to Medicare Advantage plans for special needs individuals and allow plans to tailor programs to meet unique needs. MMA also created risk adjustment, removing a major disincentive to serve high-cost populations. Two groups of special needs individuals are specified in MMA: (1) beneficiaries who are institutionalized and (2) dual eligibles. CMS may also establish other "special needs" groups among beneficiaries with severe or disabling chronic conditions. Like other Medicare Advantage plans, special needs plans have the ability to lower beneficiary cost sharing and cover services not available to beneficiaries in fee-for-service Medicare.

This creates a new opportunity for state Medicaid programs to extend the benefits of managed care to dual eligibles, who nationwide account for over 40 percent of Medicaid costs. Because of a labyrinth of conflicts between federal Medicare and Medicaid laws, it has been very hard for states to implement large-scale programs to improve care delivery for their highest cost, most vulnerable beneficiaries. The result has been high costs, extraordinary inefficiency, frustration for patients and their families, and higher risk for poor quality.

Working with CMS and Medicare Advantage special needs plans (MA-SNPs) operating in the state, a state Medicaid agency could offer to capitate all Medicaid services to any MA-SNP with dual eligible enrollees. The MA-SNP would then be responsible for all Medicare and Medicaid benefits, including all long-term care and prescription drug benefits. To ensure appropriate payment and oversight, the state would risk adjust the Medicaid side of the capitation and MA-SNPs would have one set of quality standards and grievance procedures (presumably based on the more stringent Medicaid protections). Enrollment would remain voluntary like it is for other Medicare beneficiaries, but states could create powerful incentives for duals to enroll in MA-SNPs. For example, the state could limit coverage of home- and community-based services (HCBS) to MA-SNP enrollees when two or more MA-SNPs are available.

Beneficiaries would benefit from higher quality, better access (in real terms), modern care coordination, less paperwork, closer oversight of their rights, and likely more services. States would win from a range of benefit and administrative savings, plus more predictable spending.

For a fact sheet on Medicare Advantage, click here. To learn about plans, enrollment, and other key issues, click here.

The Medicare prescription drug benefit (aka, Medicare Part D) is biggest thing to hit American health care in decades. The massive, costly, and extraordinarily complex new program will likely realign the entire pharmaceutical supply chain and create a raft of new winners and losers in the marketplace. Looking into my crystal ball, here are some likely winners:

● Low-Income Medicare Beneficiaries Without Prescription Drug Coverage: Over two-thirds of the 41 million Medicare beneficiaries already have prescription drug coverage and many of those without drug coverage are wealthy or healthy enough to not worry. However, several million beneficiaries will benefit from the heavy subsidies offered for low-income, low-asset enrollees in Part D. Countless thousands will live longer, healthy, happier lives as a result. In addition, the process of enrolling in the Part D low-income sudsidy will likely increase the number of beneficiaries taking advantage of the Medicare savings programs. This is where state Medicaid programs pick up some or all of Medicare cost sharing.

● Employers Offering Retiree Drug Coverage: With nearly $100 billion in new taxpayer subsidies and a range of new options to cost shift retiree drug coverage to taxpayers, public and private employers are big winners over the long run.

● Generic Drug Manufacturers: Under Medicare Part D, drug benefits will be delivered by private drug plans at risk for drug spending. Most Part D enrollees will be served by a totally new creature in the marketplace - stand-alone prescription drug plans (PDPs) at risk only for unit cost and utilization. Using their relatively wide discretion in setting formularies and benefit designs, drug plans will work hard to drive patients to low-cost generic versions of medications.

● Beneficiaries in Medicare Advantage Health Plans: The new Medicare Advantage health plans are a boon to beneficiaries. Compared to the often dysfunctional and perpetually outdated Medicare fee-for-service system, Medicare Advantage (aka, Medicare Part C) offers seniors a range of voluntary HMO and PPO plans, lower cost sharing, higher quality, less paperwork, and often more benefits.

● Large, National Insurers: To successfully compete as a Medicare drug plan and establish a strong beachhead, players need deep pockets to manage risk, a sophisticated and scalable infrastructure, Medicare-savvy marketing, a stomach for the government contracting, and a recognized, positive brand. While many players are seriously overconfident and dangerously naive about the Part D business (sorry, guys), large national players have a shot at winning early on. If they play it smart, the large insurers can leverage the new market opportunities of both Medicare Part D and Medicare Part C. Of course, the federal government is not the most reliable purchaser and Congressional action can change winners to losers darn quick.

● Administrative Services Contractors: To survive and ultimately succeed in the Medicare drug benefit business, players will need a range of new or expanded capacities, including call centers, claims processing, drug utilization review systems, decision support tools, and medication therapy management (MTM) programs.

● Consultants, Actuaries, and Lobbyists: Last but not least, demand for consultants and actuaries is already through the roof. Right now, the biggest demand is for specialists who help drug plans prepare bids to Medicare. Later this fall, demand will grow for experts in marketing to and managing the complex Medicare population, including dual eligibles - who will ultimately make or break many drug plans in 2006 and 2007. Moreover, the business of pharma industry consultants, Medicare/Medicaid gurus, and public affairs specialists will undoubtedly rise dramatically as drug manufacturers begin to realize that strategically and tactically Part D is a whole new ballgame.

What about the losers, you ask? There are plenty. Stay tuned for my list of the likely losers under the brave new world of Medicare Part D.